Biofortification has emerged as a sustainable strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies, particularly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), which are critical for human health. This study develops an integrated mathematical–medical–managerial modelling framework that links biological nutrient dynamics, gene expression, epidemiological outcomes, and organizational decision systems. A multi-layer system is formulated incorporating biological transport equations, gene-regulatory models, health outcome functions, and optimization-based managerial decision models. The framework is extended through a nutrition-sensitive epidemiological (SIR) model, econometric regression, and multi-objective optimization. Stability and sensitivity analyses are conducted to assess system robustness. The results demonstrate that biofortification outcomes are governed by nonlinear interactions among nutrient transport, genetic regulation, health systems, and policy interventions. The model provides a unified decision-support system for policymakers to optimize resource allocation, improve population health, and ensure sustainable agricultural and nutritional systems.

Keywords: Biofortification; Iron–Zinc Dynamics; Mathematical Modelling; Systems Biology; Public Health; Optimization; Epidemiology; Managerial Economics; Policy Analysis