The global Halal economy is prompting many non-Muslim majority countries to develop Halal governance systems, with Indonesia being a prime example of a “dual power” model—where both the state agency (BPJPH) and the religious organization (MUI) jointly hold the legitimacy of certification through a fatwa mechanism. This article analyzes the model and compares it with Vietnam, which recently institutionalized Halal governance for the first time through Decree No. 127/2026/ND-CP. Unlike Indonesia, Vietnam chooses to place the Muslim community in a legally mandated consultative position rather than granting decision-making power, thereby maintaining the principle of a secular state while ensuring compatibility with Sharia norms. Based on this comparison, the article proposes that Vietnam further strengthen its institutionalized religious consultation mechanism to enhance the system’s normative legitimacy.

Keywords: Halal governance, Indonesia, Vietnam, Decree 127/2026/ND-CP, religious consultation, Halal certification.