The history of the Anyanya war in South Sudan commenced in 1955 in Torit Town in Eastern Equatoria in form of Mutiny by Equatorial corps, The First Civil War began and perpetuated until the signing of Addis Ababa Agreement. On 18 August of 1955, when the Southern troops in Torit were told to embark on trucks destined for Juba, subsequently to be transported to Khartoum by steamer, they rejected all orders. They then attacked the Northern officers and broke into the armory to secure arms and ammunition. The purpose of this study is to examine how Anyanya started and ended in Addis Ababa peace talks. The movement of 1955 in Torit was disorganized without clear leadership, the Anyanya movement was officially recognized as a movement in 1963 in Addis Ababa. This study is trying to identify the causes of divisions among Southern Sudanese in the movement and their responses to the Sudan Government positions. In 1958 Gen. Abboud took over the Sudan government. Assembly was closed and MPs were sent home. For six months the former leaders of the South planned to leave the Sudan.

At the end of 1960 they crossed the border into Uganda. Sometime later, an even more eminent man came to join the refugees. William Deng crossed into Kenya by Land Rover. After him, many of those men became eminent in the political and sometimes the military struggle of the Southern peoples: Joseph Oduho, Father Saturnino, Nathaniel Oyet.  Aggrey Jaden followed soon after. In 1961, the situation was a quiet year, by 1962; the situation was chaos in the South. School boy strikes burst out all over the South. Southern politicians, particularly William Deng, were travelling to foreign capitals in Europe and Africa, seeking for a peaceful solution to the problem of the Southern Sudan. At the same time, they were planning action. The school boys called out on a strike by William Deng   in 1962 were not seeking a peaceful solution; they were called out to become soldiers of the new liberation army. Many Southern Sudanese students were disappointed as well. They expected to see, at any moment, units of a new liberation army appear. So in the month of September, 1963, they slipped into a camp near the post of Pachalla. The Southern politicians in Ethiopia promised those guns and other supplies. When a month had passed the men were completely out of food and were hungry. They managed to capture two guns from the police at the nearby post of Pachalla.

Paul Ruot was the commander of this force of Pachalla. He decided to take action, guns or no guns. The hungry inexperienced group went to storm the Government post. After a three day battle the shops, prison, and police lines all fell to the rebels. All the Arab traders were killed, except for one woman, Umm Salama, who was kept prisoner and eventually returned to Akobo.Agola, the king of the Anyawak, supported the rebels. Agola, the Anywak king, brought seventy more guns plus ammunition to the insurgent forces.

 The Anyanya also began in Equatoria. Crossing over from Uganda, young rebels and old ex-army men began to fight both on the Eastern and Western sides of the Nile. Using dynamite which they slipped out of Uganda mines, the insurgent forces flew up a number of bridges and commenced to ambush Sudan army units. It was in Bahr al Ghazal that the most daring feat was attempted. Bernardino Mau, the son of a Dinka chief made plans to capture the war armoury in January 1965. He almost succeeded. However, while approaching armoury guards saw them, and opened fire. Bernardino Mau was hanged for attempted rebellion. The Sudan army reacted, but it was unable to control the growing revolt in all three Southern provinces.

Although the rebels were very poorly armed, without any source of military supplies, without any control command, in September 1963, the Anyanya war began because some young men were determined to drive out the Arabs. In June 1964 Paul Ruot. the commander in Upper Nile, Sent Paul Adung north along the Ethiopia-Sudan border to the Burun. After reaching the Burun, this Anyanya group turned West and reached the white Nile in the Renk-Melut area. Another group under the command of Paul Awel was sent towards Malakal, the province Headquarters for Upper Nile.Paul Awel spread the Anyanya control to the area South of Malakal especially to Panjak (Central Nuer). Gay Tut was sent to Lou Nuer. Daniel Chuol went to Nasir (Western Nuer), Daniel Chwogo was sent to the Shilluk area to inform people that the Anyanya was coming soon. As a result, the Sudan army has never had the ability to regain that part of the Southern Sudan which fell to the rebels in 1964.Soon after Daniel Chwogo was sent to the Malakal area, rumours began spreading that Anyanya had come. The Sudan army was called to attack the Atar School, south of Malakal about 25 miles. Southern Sudanese teachers at the Atar Intermediate School were carried off to Kodok. Kodok was the most notorious of the government prison camps in the Upper Nile Province. Suspects were beaten, tied by the ankles hoisted up in the air, and dropped again on their heads. A number of leading Southern Sudanese died at Kodok from their tortures these school boys mostly ran away when they heard the rumours of the coming of the army. There were a few Southern policemen and the school boys were able to get their guns. Much more critical though, was the Arab police officer. He was sleeping outside because the night was hot, and under his bed was a Bren gun. The students crept very quietly and managed to get the gun, but they did not know how to fire and the officer escaped. These strong boys found themselves in possession of guns a number of and ammunition without any experience of how those guns should be used. An urgent call for help brought Daniel Chwogo and other officers who soon trained the men and made them into a strong and effective Anyanya force.

The Southern Front came to dominate the politics of the Southern Sudan for the next few months. The ensured genuine Southern Sudanese opinion was represented at all levels of politics, and contributed to the political education of a politically unsophisticated people. Because the Southern Front was a Southern Sudanese political movement within the Sudan, it had to be careful. It never came out clearly for a policy of independence of separation from the north. It declared the need for a plebiscite to determine what the future of Southern Sudan would be. The second important development came immediately after the Abboud regime was overthrown. SANU was the political movement outside the Sudan representing Southern Sudan aspirations organized by William Deng Nhial. However, officially, SANU proclaimed the need for a peaceful solution and declared itself against violence. Aggrey Jaden and William Deng were struggling for power within SANU as well. Aggrey Jaden was the leader of one faction of SANU that refused completely to return to the Sudan.

Politically, the most important development for the Southern Sudan during the interim Government was the Southernization policy. This was the first time that any significant Southernization happened in the administration of the Southern Sudan..Many Southern Sudanese Officials were transferred to the South for the first time. Southern Sudanese had responsible positions in the Government. The impact of Southernization was that for the first time Southern Sudanese began to feel part of the Sudan. Anyanya could not react to the care taker Government in the same way as the political movement did. Psychologically Anyanya was not prepared to talk peace. It was spreading rapidly in the South Sudan. Anyanya leaders had only a little more confidence in their own politicians than they had in Northern politicians. They were willing to wait and see what happened..The most significant change for the Anyanya was the Cease Fire .The prime minister ,Sir al Khatiim, called for a cease fire on November10,1964..On 12 November ,1964,Clement Mboro ,the minister of interior and a leader of Southern Front, made the call as well. 51 Southern Sudanese met on 28^th of October 1965 and laid the foundation plan for the beginning of a Southern Sudanese political movement.  It was called to settle the question of internal unity and leadership in 1967. Those who accepted the political leadership at that time agreed to move inside the Sudan. The new government formed called itself the Southern Provisional Government.  It was led by Aggrey Jaden as the leader. In 1968, arms deals with Russia brought an even greater flow of arms into the Government hands.  When Numeiri took over in 1969, he was forced to look North even more to the Arab World. The Mahdists feared his socialism, and tried to rebel. The rebellion was crushed, and Hadi el Mahdi, their leader, was killed. The Anyanya grew out of anger about the imposition of Islam on Southern Sudan. There was constant Struggles for power and dissatisfaction within the Government when another convention met in March 1969.  A new leadership was chosen, but this was not accepted by all factions. An unsuccessful Coup d’état resulted in the division of Anyanya.   The new government formed in 1969, which called itself the Nile provisional Government, finally disbanded in 1970.  Late in 1970, when the Anyanya ambushed Army forces near Akobo, the Army returned to Akobo and shot the leading Southerners. Anyanya claim 180 was killed. The Peace deal was signed in Addis Ababa Agreement in 1972

Keywords: South Sudan, Sudan Government Torit mutiny, Anyanya movement, Military rulers, Coup d’état, Camps, three Southern Provinces Islamization Policy, Southernization Policy, Recognition of anyanya in 1963 and Addis Ababa Agreement in 1972.