Nigeria’s persistent paradox of wealth and poverty reveals not only economic inequality but also a crisis of moral stewardship. Despite abundant resources and widespread religiosity, corruption and inequality continue to erode social trust. This study examines the theology of wealth and poverty in Luke–Acts and interprets its relevance for Nigeria’s socio-economic life. Using a qualitative, library-based approach, it analyzes key Lukan texts (Luke 1; 4; 6; 12; 14; 16; 19; Acts 2; 4–6; 11; 16; 19; 20) through the lens of African contextual hermeneutics. The findings show that Luke presents wealth as a sacred trust and poverty as a moral challenge demanding justice and compassion. Wealth, therefore, is not condemned but redefined as stewardship before God and neighbor. The study identifies themes of reversal, generosity, integrity, hospitality, and solidarity as the moral foundations of economic discipleship. Applied to Nigeria, this theology calls for transparent systems, structured compassion, ethical leadership, and empowerment through honest work. The paper recommends that churches institutionalize benevolence, reform prosperity teaching, promote financial accountability, and engage in inter-faith and civic partnerships for justice. By bridging biblical exegesis and public theology, the study argues that the Lukan vision offers a credible framework for moral and socio-economic renewal in Nigeria, making the early church’s testimony— “there was not a needy person among them” (Acts 4:34)—a contemporary possibility.