This study investigated the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, the effects of rural banditry on agricultural service access, and determinants of vulnerability in Kebbi South Senatorial District, Nigeria. Data were collected from 300 households across seven Local Government Areas using structured questionnaires. Descriptive results showed that 74% of respondents were male, 81% married, and 42% aged 31–45 years. Most had secondary or higher education (43%), farmed 1.1–3 ha of land (49%), and earned ₦100,001–₦300,000 annually (45%). Access to credit (46%), inputs (48%), and extension services (39%) was limited, while 52% were cooperative members. Banditry severely disrupted agriculture, with restricted farmland access (mean = 4.62), disrupted input supply (mean = 4.45), and high input costs (mean = 4.32), yielding a grand mean of 4.00. Binary logistic regression indicated that age (β = −0.034), education (β = −0.109), farming experience (β = −0.056), farm size (β = −0.087), income (β = −0.000012), credit (β = −0.487), input access (β = −0.573), extension contact (β = −0.439), and cooperative membership (β = −0.366) reduced vulnerability, whereas male gender (β = 0.521) and high-risk locations (β = 0.071) increased exposure. The model explained 70% of the variance (R² = 0.703). The study concludes that rural banditry limits market and input access, disrupts productivity, and threatens food security. Policies enhancing rural security, access to credit, inputs, extension services, and cooperative structures are recommended to strengthen resilience.